- Ecological textiles
Textile products made of raw materials that are harmless or less harmful to the surrounding environment and harmless to human health.
Chinese name eco textiles foreign name eco textiles features of clothing and decorative materials to control harmful substances such as harmful dyes and formaldehyde
catalogue
1 Definition
2 nature
3. Demonstration
4 environmental signs
5 Conclusion
Define edit voice
Ecological textiles refer to those textile products which are made of raw materials that are harmless or less harmful to the surrounding environment and harmless to human health[ 1]
Figure 1
Figure 1
Nature editing voice
Production ecology
——From the perspective of production ecology, control includes the whole process from fiber planting, breeding, production to product processing, which has no pollution to the environment and the product itself;
Consumption ecology
——From the perspective of human ecology, the effects of residual toxic substances in textiles on human health were investigated;
Dealing with ecology
——From the perspective of treatment ecology, it is harmless to the environment to control the release of toxic substances in the process of recycling, natural degradation and waste treatment of textiles.
At present, ecological textiles mainly refer to products that meet the requirements of specific standards from the requirements of production ecology or human ecology. Most of them are the latter. This kind of ecological textiles focuses on the control of harmful substances such as harmful dyes, formaldehyde, heavy metals, finishing agents, odor and so on.
On January 27, 2000, the State Environmental Protection Administration approved and began to implement the "ecological textiles" standard, indicating the state's concern about the impact of clothing on human health.
Ecological textiles shall meet the following technical requirements
1. The product shall not be bleached with chlorine.
2. The products shall not be treated with mould proof and flame retardant finishing.
3. Pentachlorophenol and tetrachlorophenol shall not be added to the product.
4. The product shall not have musty smell, gasoline smell and toxic aromatic smell. If there is smell, there is residue.
5. Azo dyes decomposed into toxic aromatic amine dyes, carcinogenic dyes and dyes that may cause allergy shall not be used.
6. The content of formaldehyde, extractable heavy metals, pH value of leaching solution, color fastness and pesticide retention should meet the requirements.
Argumentation of editorial voice
Since 1978, the first environmental label in the world, the "Blue Angel sign" of Germany, came out, the environmental label system has been popular in the world as a means of environmental management. At present, the governments of nearly 40 countries have introduced environmental labeling systems, such as the "green signature system" in the United States and the "eco label system" in Japan. More and more products are involved in environmental labeling, and even have been expanded to the service field. The environmental labels of textiles are mainly those of European countries, which play a leading role in the world textile market.
In recent years, there has been a green wind in the world textile market, which has a certain impact on the international textile trade trend and the research of ecological textiles, resulting in the dispute of textile environmental labels; One view is that the standard of environmental labeling products is high, especially for developing countries with low technology and management level; In addition, the high application fees also bring extra economic burden to enterprises in developing countries. Therefore, environmental labeling is a disguised trade barrier, namely the so-called green trade barrier. On the other hand, as a new means of environmental management, environmental labeling plays a positive role in guiding and promoting the development of textile industry in the direction of environment and human health. Environmental labeling product is a new mode of production with the theme of environmental protection and human health. It is the only way to realize the sustainable development strategy and should be advocated.
It should be said that all of the above views are reasonable, but they are not comprehensive. In fact, as a new means of environmental management, environmental labeling system plays an incomparable role in promoting enterprises to improve production technology and adopt cleaner production mode, which is one of the reasons why environmental labeling system is popular in the world. However, due to various reasons, there are still some problems in textile environmental labeling, which need further research and development in the future. This paper makes a systematic and specific introduction to the environmental labeling of EU textiles, and makes a comprehensive analysis from the perspectives of economy, technology and trade.
Environment sign editing voice
Environmental sign, also known as ecological sign and green sign, is a special sign issued by government administrative departments or independent institutions and organizations according to certain environmental standards to relevant applicants whose products or services meet the requirements. Among them, ecological standard is the core of environmental label. Environmental label is a kind of certification trademark, which can be pasted on the goods to show the consumers that the product conforms to the specific environmental requirements in the whole process of production, use, treatment or one of them compared with similar products.
The environmental labeling system implements the principle of voluntariness, that is, the application for environmental labeling is not compulsory, but decided by the producers themselves. It is the product of environmental management means from "administrative law" to "market guidance". Driven by consumers in the market factors, environmental labels urge producers to adopt higher environmental standards, guide enterprises to consciously adjust product structure, adopt clean technology, and produce products beneficial to the environment, so as to ultimately achieve the purpose of protecting the environment and saving resources. The application of environmental labels should be strictly inspected, tested and comprehensively evaluated, and approved by the recognized Committee. The environmental labels can only be used after signing a specific use contract and paying a certain amount of use fees. The ownership of the environmental labels still belongs to a specific certification committee. This is quite different from the "green company", "environmental protection pioneer", "green product" and "pure natural formula" declared by enterprises without authorization under the impact of "green consumption" wave in the world today. There are strict standards for the granting of environmental labels, and they need to be inspected regularly. The use of environmental labels has a certain period of time, and they need to apply again if they are overdue. However, some companies claim to be "green", usually without strict standards and audit procedures, which are purely commercial, in order to meet the environmental protection needs of consumers and obtain profits. This "green" sign is beyond the scope of this paper.
Other textile environmental labels
General situation of textile environmental labeling in EU countries
As an independent entity, the European Union has its own unified environmental labels, namely eco-1abel (ecological label). Each member state of the European Union also has its own environmental labels, about 10 kinds. Among them, Germany has the largest number of environmental labels, with a total of 7 products, including clothing, carpet, fiber, etc. The influential ones are Oeko texloo and toxproof; Ecotex et al. Other EU countries such as the Netherlands, Denmark and Northern Europe also have their own environmental labels. Some of these labels indicate that the limit of harmful substances on the final products is lower than the specific requirements, which meets the requirements of human ecology such as Oeko texloo; Some show that the whole life cycle of products, that is, the whole production chain from fiber cultivation or production to the final waste treatment, meets certain environmental protection requirements, such as eco-1abello. This paper mainly introduces several influential marks in the market.
Introduction of main signs
(1) Eco-1abel logo eco-1abel was established by the European law enforcement Commission in accordance with CE 880 / 92 decree. Since the first batch of standards on washing machines and dishwashers were issued in 1993, the current products have involved 12 kinds of textiles, such as bed sheets and T-shirts. The logo is shown in Figure 1.
The formulation principle of EU environmental labeling standards is to conduct life-long environmental assessment (1ca) on products from cradle to grave, that is, to evaluate the raw materials, production process, product circulation, consumption and waste disposal. This method was developed by 12 expert groups headed by Professor of Leiden University appointed by European Union in 1993.
The application and award procedures of eco-1abel logo are as follows:
(1) After consultation with relevant parties, the European Commission will determine the product categories and the environmental standards for each type of products.
(2) Each member state designates a relevant department to accept the application of environmental labels from producers or importers according to the EU standards.
(3) The application for environmental labels shall be approved by the relevant departments of the member states (within 30 days).
(4) After the application is approved, the applicant shall sign a contract with the relevant departments of the Member States, stipulating that the logo can be used within a certain period of time, and the member states shall be responsible for collecting the application fee and annual use fee.
(5) The European Commission publishes the list of products through the "Communique", marking the name of the enterprise and the country awarded. Eco-1abel logo can be applied in any country of 15 EU Member States, and can be used in 18 European countries, including Norway, Iceland and Lichtenstein.
In 1994, the Executive Committee of the European Union commissioned Denmark to formulate the ecological standards for textiles, and in 1996 passed the standards for bed sheets and T-shirts. According to the regulations of the European Commission, ecological standards are generally revised every three years. Ecological standards for other textiles are currently under discussion.
(2) Oeko tex Standard 100 logo, Oeko tex Standard 100, was first proposed by heinstein Research Institute in Germany and Austrian Textile Research Institute in Vienna as otnloo in 1989. By the end of 1991, 10 companies in Austria had passed the standard. In 1990, the Institute established the "international textile ecological research and Testing Association", including the international ecological research and testing Federation of Hohenstein Textile Research Institute 1 in Germany. In recent years, the organization has developed rapidly. At present, it has developed 13 organizations and its standards have been revised several times. Due to its high market recognition, the former mut (markenzeichen Umwelt 6chonende Textile Association) and MST (markenzeich schadstof fgeprutte textile) have abandoned the original mark and merged with it one after another. Ooeko tex Standard 100 used to be only the standard of harmful substances on textiles, but after mut and MST got involved in the standard, the original standard of harmful substances on textiles has been changed, The control of production process will be the future development direction of this sign.
Oeko tex Standard 100 has a long history, which makes it well-known in the European market. As of September 1998, 1400 products of 700 companies all over the world have obtained the logo. The current Oeko tex Standard 100 classifies textiles into four categories: direct contact with skin, non direct contact with skin, baby products and decorative products.
(3) Milieukeur logo
Milieukeur is a voluntary environmental labeling scheme co founded by the Dutch Ministry of housing, physical planning and environment and the Ministry of economic affairs in 1992. Its Chinese meaning is environmental review foundation. The organization is an independent organization composed of representatives from the government, consumers, environmental organizations, manufacturers and retailers. The ecological demand for textiles is more emphasis on public property
(4) Whitg Swan logo
White Swan logo, namely white swan logo, is a unified Nordic logo implemented by several Nordic countries, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden in 1989.
Types of products involved in various signs
The types of products involved in each environmental label are shown in Table 1.
Standard compilation of signs
In addition to the implementation of relevant national laws and regulations, the standards for environmental labels also impose stricter restrictions on heavy metals, pesticides, formaldehyde, pentachlorophenol, some azo dyes and other parameters.
Comprehensive evaluation of environmental labeling of EU textiles
As a new means of environmental management, environmental labeling has aroused controversy from all walks of life since its introduction, especially as the environmental labeling of sensitive commodity textiles in international trade. The following is a comprehensive evaluation of its advantages and disadvantages in terms of economy, technology and trade
Advantages of EU textile environmental label
The advantages of EU's environmental labeling system are mainly embodied in the environmental labeling system itself.
First of all, as a unique means of environmental management, environmental labeling system plays an incomparable role in mobilizing enterprises and consumers to participate in environmental protection. Law, administration and other compulsory means have their own limitations. For example, it can not guarantee the coordination of the ecological and economic benefits of social production, so that the environmental benefits can not be guaranteed, and the market mechanism itself can not guarantee the maximization of environmental benefits. The way to solve these contradictions is to combine the compulsion of administration with the guidance of market mechanism, and the environmental labeling system is such a system.
Secondly, it implements the principle of open and voluntary application, facing domestic and foreign manufacturers equally, which is in line with WTO's non discriminatory, transparent and open trade principles. For example, eco label, Oeko tex Standard 100 and other marks of the European Union have different effects on product categories, standards, evaluation methods, management agencies, application procedures, logo graphics, logo fees, logo certificates and other stripping agents, flame retardants, detergents and water repellent finishing agents, as well as some post-treatment agents. The residual heavy metal ions in the post-treatment of dyes and auxiliaries on dyeing and finishing textiles are indispensable to maintain life at a small dose, but when they exceed a certain concentration, they are harmful to human health. After being absorbed by the human body, metal ions will deposit in the liver, bone, kidney, heart and brain. When the metal ions deposit to a certain extent in an organ, it will cause great harm to health. This is especially true for children because they have a high ability to digest and absorb heavy metals.
Ecological textiles and testing of basic safety items of textile products
Eco textiles, which originated from the European Union, has a great impact on the European and even global textile and consumer goods markets. It has the characteristics of green barriers from the beginning. On the one hand, it limits the export of some textiles in China, on the other hand, it also plays a certain role in promoting the upgrading of China's textile industry. China's relevant departments combined with China's national conditions, from the most basic aspects of safety performance, developed the GB 18401 standard. The assessment items in GB 18401 standard are the detection items of ecological textiles.
1 definition of ecological textiles
The concept of "eco textiles" originated from "Oeko tex Standard 100" (ECO Textiles Standard 100) issued by the International Association for research and inspection of eco textiles in 1992. It has two meanings: broad sense and narrow sense
1) Ecological textiles in a broad sense
In a broad sense, ecological textiles, also known as all ecological textiles, refer to the whole life cycle (from cradle to grave) of products from manufacturing to transportation of raw materials, production, consumption, recycling and waste disposal, which should be in line with the ecological nature. It is not only harmless to human health, but also does not damage the ecological balance.
Ecological textiles must meet four basic preconditions: 1) renewable and reusable resources; ② The production process has no pollution to the environment; ③ There is no harm to human body in the process of wearing and using; ④ After being abandoned, it can be degraded naturally in the environment and does not pollute the environment. It has the characteristics of "recyclable, low pollution and energy saving".
Organic textiles refer to the process of textile processing, consumption and post-treatment, which is environmental friendly and pollution-free. Therefore, organic textiles are all ecological textiles, such as organic cotton products. Organic cotton is the production process from seeds to textiles, which is all natural and pollution-free. It is mainly based on natural farming management, and does not use any pesticides, fertilizers and genetically modified products. Due to the strict requirements for all ecological textiles, the real sense of organic textiles needs further research, which is the development direction of ecological textiles.
2) Narrow sense of ecological textiles
In a narrow sense, ecological textiles, also known as partial ecological textiles or semi ecological textiles, refer to the products that are harmless to human health or reach a certain international ecological textile standard made of raw materials that are harmless or less harmful to the surrounding environment under the existing level of scientific knowledge. They are mainly ecological textiles that focus on production, human consumption or treatment. At present, it is mainly for the narrow sense of ecological textiles related content testing.
2. Detection of ecological textiles
2.1 testing items of ecological textiles
The detection procedures of Oeko tex 200 (detection standard) include 12 categories: pH value determination, formaldehyde determination, extractable heavy metals, pesticide residues, phenol (Chlorophenol and OPP) content, banned dyes, organochlorine carrier, PVC plasticizer (phthalate) content, organotin compounds, color fastness, volatile substances and odorous mixture determination, and so on Sensitive smell, etc.
It should be noted that the detection items of ecological textiles are dynamic, and some new indicators will be added almost every year. At present, the mature testing items of various testing institutions in China are: pH value determination, formaldehyde determination, extractable heavy metals, banned azo dyes, color fastness, odor, etc.
2.2 main technologies of testing items of ecological textiles
There are three kinds of modern ecological textile testing technology: chromatography technology, atomic spectrometry technology and molecular spectroscopy technology. Among them, chromatographic analysis technology is the most widely used.
2.3 product standards and labels of eco textiles
At present, there are many ecological standards for textiles in the world. ISO once divided the standards and labels related to ecological products into three types
The first type is: 1) to investigate the whole life cycle of products, that is, from the extraction of raw materials to the transportation, production, use and abandonment of products; ② Joining voluntarily; ③ Many kinds of products; ④ Third party inspection and on-site audit of representative eco labels. For example: Europen eco label, nordu White Swan label, the blue angel, flower label, ECP and eco mark.
The second type: self declared labels. They are mainly developed by some industry associations or non-governmental organizations to investigate the whole life cycle of products or some aspect of ecological performance of products. It does not emphasize the third-party laboratory testing or on-site direct audit, and even allows the application manufacturer to make self declaration. For example: Oeko tex Standard 100, milieukeur, toxproof seal, eco tex, gut, bioland and Demeter.
The third type: Declaration and report of environmental behavior are non selective, which are the buyer's standards set by the buyer, but they are consistent with the standards, regulations and decrees of the place where the products are sold. For example: clean fashion flag and comitextil flag.
Among so many eco textile standards and labels, Oeko tex Standard 100 and Europen eco label are more influential in the textile and clothing industry. At the same time, it should be noted that the Oeko tex Standard 100 is voluntary, and it is not necessary to meet its assessment index before it can be sold in the EU market. If the evaluation index is reached, the product can enter the high-end circulation field, and the added value of the product can be improved; If the products fail to meet the assessment indicators, they will not be able to hang the standards and labels, and will enter the low-end circulation field. The added value of the products will be much lower. Of course, such products must also meet the requirements of buyers to enter the EU market.
3. Problems in the detection of ecological textiles
Compared with the legislation and standardization of technical requirements of ecological textiles, the research and development and standardization of detection technology of ecological textiles are lagging behind both at home and abroad. Although the German government proposed in 1994 to ban the use of some azo dyes which may reduce carcinogenic aromatic amines in textiles and consumer goods, the corresponding test method standard was not officially issued until 1998; The European Union's test method standard was not issued in the form of EU Directive 2004 / 21 / EC until February 24, 2004; When Oeko tex launched Oeko tex Standard 100, it released the guidance document of testing methods for relevant testing items - Oeko tex 200, but it did not provide the corresponding testing method standards, and even some items were clearly informed that there was no suitable testing method. All these bring difficulties to the implementation of relevant regulations and standards. There are three main reasons for these problems
1) There are differences in the definition of eco textiles and the level of technological and economic development among countries in the world. So far, there is no unified international standard on Eco textiles.
2) It is difficult to detect the ecological safety performance of textiles.
3) The advanced testing equipment for testing greatly increases the testing cost.
4 basic safety items of textile products
4.1 formaldehyde content
Formaldehyde is a colorless gas with strong pungent odor, which is easily soluble in water and ethanol and usually appears in the form of aqueous solution. Formaldehyde is an important organic raw material (aldehyde group and carbonyl group), which is widely used in chemical industry. It is mainly used in plastic industry (such as phenolic resin, urea formaldehyde plastic - electric jade), synthetic fiber (such as synthetic vinylon - Polyvinyl Formal), leather industry, medicine, dyeing and so on. The main health hazards of formaldehyde are as follows:
1) Irritation: the main harm of formaldehyde is irritation to respiratory tract and skin mucosa. Formaldehyde is a toxic substance to the protoplasm of biological cells. It can combine with proteins in organisms, change the structure of proteins and solidify them. Severe irritation and edema of respiratory tract, eye irritation and headache occurred during high concentration inhalation.
2) Sensitization: direct contact with formaldehyde can cause allergic dermatitis, pigmentation and necrosis. Inhalation of high concentration formaldehyde can induce bronchial asthma.
3) Mutagenicity: high concentration formaldehyde is also a genotoxic substance. Experimental animals in the laboratory of high concentration inhalation, can cause nasopharyngeal tumor.
The prominent effects of formaldehyde are headache, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, chest tightness, eye pain, sore throat, stomach anorexia, palpitation, insomnia, weight loss, hypomnesia and autonomic nerve disorder; Long term inhalation may lead to fetal malformation or even death in pregnant women. Long term inhalation in men may lead to sperm malformation and death in men.
In order to make the fabric mainly made of cellulose fiber have the effect of anti shrinkage, anti wrinkle and flat appearance, it is necessary to carry out the necessary finishing. The finishing agent used gradually releases free formaldehyde in the process of wearing and using, which is the main source of free formaldehyde [2].
4.2 pH test
Generally, the pH value of human skin ranges from 5.5 to 7.0, slightly acidic. This is because the human sweat glands secrete lactic acid, which makes the skin acidic when sweating. Its pH value is 5.2-5.8. The acidic environment on the surface of human skin can protect the balance of resident bacteria and prevent the invasion of pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, the pH value of textiles between slightly acidic and neutral is conducive to the protection of human body [2]. However, cellulose based fabrics will be pretreated with strong alkali solution to achieve the desired effect. This is an important reason for the unqualified pH value of textiles, and it will also cause certain harm to human body, The most common cause of clothing allergy is skin contact with residual alkali left on clothing due to not being cleaned.
4.3 banned azo dyes
After the use of azo dyes containing carcinogenic aromatic amines in textiles and clothing, the dyes may be absorbed by the skin (which is more likely to occur when the color fastness is poor) and spread in the human body during long-term contact. These dyes may decompose and reduce in human body, and release some carcinogenic aromatic amines. These aromatic amines can change the DNA of cells through metabolism in vivo, and become the inducement of human pathological changes, which has potential carcinogenicity and sensitization. As early as 1930s, Japanese Yoshida discovered that solvent yellow can cause liver cancer in mice. People began to realize the danger of azo dyes and their intermediates in the process of production and use. In fact, in 1905, the German health department confirmed the carcinogenic effects of some aromatic amines from the dyes fuchsin, auramine and naphthylamine. With the rapid development of dyestuff and chemical industry, this situation has further deteriorated. According to incomplete statistics, by 1960s, more than 3000 cases of bladder cancer in the world were engaged in dyestuff and chemical industry.
In 1994, the German government banned the use of 118 azo dyes which can produce 20 kinds of harmful aromatic amines. In 1997, EU issued directive 67 / 648 / EC, which is a decree of EU countries prohibiting the use of azo dyes in textiles and leather products. There are 22 carcinogenic aromatic amines. The EU issued Directive 2001 / c96e / 18 on March 27, 2001, which further specified the textile products included in the control scope. The directive also stipulates three detection methods for banned dyes, and the detection amount of carcinogenic aromatic amines shall not exceed 30 mg / kg. On July 19, 2002, the European Union issued Order No. 2002 / 61, which pointed out that azo dyes which release carcinogenic aromatic amines under reducing conditions were banned. On January 6, 2003, the European Union further issued directive No. 3 of 2003, which stipulated that chromium containing azo dyes should be banned and sold in the market of textiles, clothing and leather products in the European Union, and came into effect on June 30, 2004.
4.4 color fastness test and odor test
Analysis of Oeko tex 200 (test standard) test procedures can be seen that in the assessment of the project, in addition to color fastness and odor, other assessment items are basically the restrictions on toxic and harmful substances. So why should the color fastness and odor assessment? This is because the color fastness is closely related to prohibited dyes and extractable heavy metals. When the color fastness is not good, such as the presence of prohibited dyes and extractable heavy metals, textiles will do more harm to human body. At present, the color fastness items assessed in GB 18401 standard include water resistance (discoloration, staining), acid Perspiration resistance (discoloration, staining), alkali Perspiration resistance (discoloration, staining), dry friction resistance, saliva resistance (discoloration, staining), etc. The existence of odor will directly lead to a significant decline in the wearability of textiles. Any odor that has nothing to do with the product or is related to the product, but the odor is too heavy indicates that there are excessive chemical residues on the textiles, which may cause potential health hazards. At present, the odors assessed by GB 18401 standard include moldy odor, high boiling range petroleum odor, fishy odor, aromatic hydrocarbon odor, etc.
Dispute on the limit of heavy metal ion concentration
As for the limit of heavy metal ion concentration, the standards of different environmental labels in EU market are quite different. This is reflected in:
(1) For example, Oeko tex Standard 100 and white swan have no restrictions on zinc; The limit of milieukeur for zinc ion is 0.10 mg / kg;
(2) The determination methods of heavy metal ions are different. Some think that the total amount of metal ions should be determined, while others think that the free amount of metal ions should be determined.
At present, the determination of free amount of heavy metal ions is still controversial. On the one hand, most of the current chemical testing methods are used to measure the total content of a substance in materials. The values obtained by this method are more real, which makes the statistical results of different laboratories comparable. However, the test results of measuring the free amount of metal depend on the test conditions, so the comparability of the test results of each laboratory is not strong. If we test the free quantity, it will bring unnecessary problems to manufacturers and executive departments due to the uncertainty of statistical results. However, if the total amount test method is adopted, another problem is that there is no relationship between the free amount of heavy metals and the total amount. The content of heavy metal ions in textiles is not only affected by the above production process, but also depends on its dyeing fastness. For the textiles with poor color fastness, the dye will peel off from the textiles in the future washing, and the heavy metal ions will be reduced. In addition, the amount of skin perspiration directly affects the content of heavy metal ions when textiles come into contact with human skin. Everyone sweating is different, everyone's ability to absorb metal ions is not the same. Therefore, the determination of the free amount of metal ions does not represent the content of metal ions in the actual use of textiles. If the total amount is determined, the total amount of metal ions in most textiles greatly exceeds the specified concentration limit. Therefore, measuring the total amount of heavy metal ions in textiles and converting them into free amount can not solve this problem.
(3) Formaldehyde
For example, eco-1abel logo and white swan logo have a limit value of 30 ppm for baby clothing, while Oeko tex Standard 100 logo has a limit value of 20 ppm for baby clothing.
Other indicators, such as azo dyes, are similar. The main reason for this phenomenon is that various standards adopt different detection methods, and the determination of limit value is based on the limit of detection method. The difference of this technical standard will potentially limit the development of international economy and trade.
In addition, from an economic point of view, the price of products with environmental labels is higher than other products of the same type. This is because the production of ordinary goods follows the principle of the lowest cost, while the production of products with environmental labels has a layer of environmental protection considerations, and has to deviate from the principle of the lowest cost. While the general economic activities tend to pursue their own interests, consumers seek the cheapest goods, producers pursue profit maximization, and environmental labeling system challenges the principle of self-interest in economic operation. Whether the high price environmental labeling products caused by high cost can be recognized by the market is a problem that environmental labeling products must face. Recently, CBI conducted a survey on the factors considered by European consumers when purchasing clothing, and found that price, comfort, quality and fashion play an important role in consumers' decision-making of purchasing textiles, while environmental labels and brands play a relatively small role, which is also a disadvantage that environmental label textiles will face in the market.
Conclusion editing voice
To sum up, although the EU textile environmental labeling has some shortcomings, and its ecological standard is relatively high compared with the technical level of developing countries such as China, it conforms to the trade rules of WTO and is beneficial to environmental protection and human health. Therefore, it can not be simply regarded as a technical barrier to trade, but should be regarded as a challenge and opportunity in the development of China's textile industry.
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